DISEASES THAT LEAD TO KIDNEY FAILURE
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(1)
DIABETES MELLITUS
Patients suffering
from diabetes mellitus are prone to kidney diseases. If the diabetes
continues uncontrolled and suffering continues for more than 15
years all the parts of the kidney are affected. Adequate control
of hyper tension and diabetes will help retarding
the rate of renal diseases.
(2) ARTHIRITIS
In certain
cases of Rheumatoid arthiritis the glomerular function of the
kidneys are affected. Antirheumatoid drugs also may damage the
kidney function.
(3) SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATIOSUS
It is one of
the collagen diseases. Red patches form on the skin and spread
through out the body the disease affects the renal function and
lead to nephrotic syndrom, acute and chronic renal failures.
(4)
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE KIDNEY
If kidney is
affected by tuberculosis and not contained it will lead. to advanced
state and the desfunction of the kidneys.
(5) POLYARTENITIS NUDOSA
It is a collagen
disease where the walls of the arteries in various parts of the
body become inflamed leading to asthma, high blood pressure and
kidney failure.
(6)
GOUT
In cases of
gout when there is a massive increase of plasma uric acid may
lead to malfunction of kidneys. Chronic gout patients are prone
to renal failure.
(7)
BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE HEART VALVES
Persistent
infection of the heart valves by streptococus and strephylococcus
bacterias may develope immune complex in glomeroli. which will
lead to glomerulo nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and acute nephrotic
syndrome.
(8)
NEPHROLITHIASIS:(KIDNEY STONE)
It is the presence
of stones (Calculi) in the kidneys or urinary passage. It is characterised
by renal pain and blood in urine. The presence of stones can be
seen by taking X ray of theabdomen. |
(9) RENAL TUBULAR DEFECTS
Functional
disorders of the renal tubules by the presence of cysts etc.
(10) URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS THAT LEAP TO KIDNEY DISEASES
Urinary tract
is a formal site to bacterial infection. Women are more prone urinary
infection some time or other in their lives. Some of the Infections
affect the kidneys.
(11) ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
It
is the acute Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis. Fever chills,
back pain are the symptoms. The abdominal pain will resemble the
pain that occurs during appendicitis. Hypertension and shock may
develope in children, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain and tenderness
nocturnal enuresis or failure to grow normally are the symptoms.
Urine will be turbid and blood stained. Urine test will show pus
cells, erythrocytes, leukocyte casts and bacteria. Proteinuria may
also be present. In severe cases renal failure may occur.
(12)
CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
Frequent
and persistent urinary infection will lead to chronic Pyelonephritis.
It leads to
impairment of renal function, polyurea, nocturia, hypertension,
bone pains and symptoms of uraemia.
(13)
CYSTITIS
If
there urinary infection is limited to bladder it is called Cystitis.
Acute bacterial
cystits leads to frequency of urine, urgency, dysuria, nocturia
public discomfort
and low back pain fever & chills may be present. Haematuria,
Pyuria and bacteriurea may also be present.
(14)URINARY
ABNORMALITIES
If
there is significant proteinurea ranging from 150mg to 3.5g/day)
haematuria and pyurea
occurs with that any other symptoms, such person should go for proper
investigation to see their renal functions are affected.
COMMON
URINARY SYMPTOMS
The following
urinary symptoms indicate the disease of urinary tract, bladder,
urethera
which ultimately lead to the disease of the kidneys. As soon as
the symptoms appear proper medical care should be sought to avoid
the damage of kidneys.
(15)
DYSURIA
Difficult and
painful urination. This is called dysuria. It may be due to infection
of urinary
tract, stones, foreign bodies, or new growth of bladder or urethera. |
(16) URGENCY TO PASS URINE
Sudden
and uncontrollable urgency to pass urine and some time urine is
passed
involuntarily. Inflammation of bladder and urethera may be the reasons
of this.
(17) PAINFUL URINATION
A
painful desire to pass urine even when the bladder is empty. This
may be due to urinary infections.
(18)
PASSING URINE FREQUENTLY
The
desire to pass urine more frequently. Normally the bladder can hold
up to 500 ml of urine and a person pass urine once on 4 or 5 hours
a day and the need not wake up during his sleep for urination. The
frequency of urination shows that the bladder capacity is reduced
because of inflammatory lesions, tumour, over stimulation or obstruction.
In such condition quantity of urine in each voiding is reduced.
In cold climates people may pass more frequently than other times.
This should not be mistaken for the disease.
(19)
INABILITY TO PASS URINE
Inability
to pass urine which is collected in the bladder. This is due to
the block to the urethera or nervous diseases. The common reasons
are the blockage due to enlarged prostate, vesical and uretheral
stones or bladder tumours.
(20)
LEAKAGE OF URINE
The
leakage of urine because the bladder cannot retain any amount of
urine. This is because the ring muscles of urethera are damaged
or paralysed.
(21)
DRIBBING OF URINE
Dribbing
of urine which occurs when the bladder is filled beyond the capacity.
Some times even the abdominal pressure caused by coughing, sneezing,
over-laughter may also result in dribbing.
(22)
PASSING URINE DURING SLEEP
Unintentional
voiding of urine during sleep is called enuresis. This is common
with small children. If it happens with older age groups it may
be due to under development of bladder control or loss of control
because of obstruction or infection or nervous dysfunction.
(23)
DAILY OUTPUT OF URINE
The
daily output of urine in a normal person varies from 500 ml to 2500
ml depending on the fluid intake and climatic conditions. Two third
of the total urine pass during the day and one-third during the
night . Change of the usual volume of urine may be an indication
of the renal disease. |
(24) LOW OUTPUT OF URINE
If
the volume of urine in a day is reduced below 400 ml it is called
oliguria and if it is less than 100 ml it is anuria. some times
total anuria also occurs. Both oliguria and anaemii are indications
of shock, congestive cardiac failure, glomerulo nephritis and early
stages of renal failure. Some times mechanical obstruction to the
urinary passage also produces these Symptoms.
(25)
HIGH OUTPUT OF URINE - POLYURIA
If
the daily volume of urine increases above 3000 ml it is called polyuria.
It is because of kidney's inability to concentrate the urine as
a result of chronic nephiritis, diabetes and some times because
of the use of diuretics.
(26)
NOCTURIA - PASSING MORE URINE IN NIGHT
When
more urine is passed during night disturbing one's sleep, than the
day time, It is
known as nocturia. It may be symptom of diabetes, congestive cardiac
failure or chronic renal insufficiency.
(m) Feeling of pain from excretory organs. The pain in the kidney
will be a dull one, felt in loin and lumbar regions. Various pains
in the pubic area, in the root of the penis and generally in the
lower abdomen may be indication of the diseases of bladder, prostate
glands, uretheral infections.
(27)
PASSING BLOOD IN URINE
The presence
of blood in urine (Haematuria) may be due to glomerulonephritis
or some
bleeding disorders or stones or tumours. If you collect urine in
three glasses in the beginning, middle and end of the urination
you can locate the site of bleeding. In glomerulonephritis the urine
is uniformly blood stained. Reddish colour of urine need not mean
blood in urine it may be due to several substances, clinical test
will give the proper result.
(a) Pus, blood or crystals will make urine turbid.
(b) The presence of gas in urine may be due to urinary track infection
of bladder by gas
forming organisms.
(c) The fluid retention or edema is the symptom of acute glomerulonephritis
and
nephrotic syndrome. There is puffiness of the eyelids and face especially
on walking from
sleep. In scrotum and breast also edema will be seen.
(d) Fever is a prominent symptom. In certain cases fever will be
intermitent In chronic cases fever may prominent Tumours in the
kidney may give rise to irregular fever.
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S. AKKBAR KAUSAR |
SAKUN
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