WHAT IS RENAL FAILURE
Diseases of the kidney make up a major segment of the total burden of disease. Disease primary in this organ is the basic cause of approximately 10% of all deaths. Moreover from
the standpoint of morbidity, renal disease is the tenth most important cause of illness. The
pathology of this organ, thus is of major Importance.
Our day to day exposure to drugs and chemicals has put increasing demands on numerous organs of the body. Within these organs, the response of any given cell or tissue to an insult caused by a drug or chemical or its metabolites is determined by the interplay of many factors. Because the urinary system is involved in eliminating toxic and waste substances, both drugs and chemicals may either generally or selectively damage the urinary system as filtration and excretion occur (Riddell 1982). Overt nephropathy, secondary to drug or chemical, exposure occurs frequently and accounts for approximately 5% of all nephrology consultations and 20% to 30% of all cases of acute renal failure (Bennett 1977)

Renal diseases pose numerous problems for their victims and for medical science. The study of this organ is often considered to be a complicated and confusing problem. The major anatomic difficulties derive in large part from the fact that damaged kidneys are usually seen only in the later stages of the life history of the renal disease. At such time, most disease of this organ are so far advanced that, they may indeed be difficult to differentiate from one another
Renal failure can be classified into different physiological categories.
1. Acute renal failure, 2. Chronic renal failure, 3. Hypertensive kidney disease, 4. Nephrotic syndrome, 5. Specific tubular abnormalities that cause abnormal reabsorption or lack of reabsorption of certain substances by the tubules.
A frequent finding in these various forms of renal disease is the presence, in the urine, of protein, leukocytes, red cells and casts which ate bits of proteinaceous material precipitated in the tubules and washed into the bladder. Other important consequences of renal disease are loss of the ability to concentrate of dilute the urine, anemia, acidosis and abnormal retention of Na.(Sodium)

TREATMENT OF RENAL FAILURE
When the renal failure occurs, the more commonly adopted treatments in recent years are 1. Dialysis and in severe cases, 2. Transplantation.